Effects of Activities of Fluorides and Salivary Amylase

Effects of Activities of Fluorides and Salivary Amylase Ever since 1919, effects of activities of fluorides and salivary amylase have been reported. Nonetheless, research on effects of salivary amylase and fluorides activities are limited. Investigation carried out by several researchers on salivary amylase about splitting properties of starch to dental caries development showed mixed results. While other studies implied a correlation between dental caries and high activities of salivary amylase, some research on the same topic showed negative correlation. At the same time, other studies showed no correlation at all (Vergona, 1993). Salivary amylase aids in metabolism and colonization of streptococcus that lead to dental plague and dental caries formation. It acts as a receptor on which microorganism sticks to tooth surfaces. Moreover it has capabilities of binding to surfaces of bacteria and hydrolyses starch to produce products that are altered to form acids. In in vivo and in vitro studies, it is indicated that sodium fluoride inhibits salivary amylase enzyme when the concentration of fluoride is more than 5 x 10-2 M (BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, 1978). This means that salivary amylase of human being is not impinged on when fluoride concentration is below 5 x 10-2 M. In vivo study showed that when a rat drinks water that has 25 or 50 ppm of fluorides for a period of four weeks, there is stimulation of salivary amylase secretion and flow rate in parotid glands (Afonsky, 1961). Influence of human salivary glands by fluoride is done by use of sodium fluoride solution (NaF) in in vitro experiment. In this experiment, participants are allowed to fast overnight and wash their mouth with water that is distilled before chewing parafilm at around 9 a.m. Saliva is then produced within the next two minutes after water rinsing for a period of ten minutes and centrifuged at 12500 x g in a centrifuge known as Sorvall RC2-B. At this point the saliva ph level is measured (Kettering Laboratory, 1963). The data produced from preliminary analysis of this study do not show any important difference between sexes on activities of salivary amylase. Varying the concentration of NaF ranging (sodium flouride) between 0 and 500 mM do not cause major differences in activities of salivary amylase. When NaF concentration is at 100 mM, the activity of salivary amylase is more than 100%. But when the concentration of NaF is at 500mM, the activity of salivary amylase becomes 92.8%. Because of intraoral activity of salivary amylase, it is considered as very important for oral health. Salivary gland produces this enzyme and is found at a low concentration in parotid gland. It is protein in nature and in molecular terms, it has a 62-67 kDa weight. Amylase enzyme digests polysaccharides through hydrolysis of glycogen, 4 glucosidic starch linkages and other polysaccharides (Rajesndran, 2009). An assay enzyme is made by a mixture that has 3ml of 0.2% of solution of starch, 3% of 0.1M solution of Tris buffer which has a ph of 7.0 and 0.1M solution of saliva extract that is diluted. The assay mixture is warmed at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius for a period of one hour. Towards the end period of experiment, aliquot solution having 1.0 M is pipetted in a test tube that has a 1.0 N solution of Nelson_Somogyi. This mixture is then heated in hot water for a period not less than ten minutes. 1.0M solution of NaF solution is added to this mixture after cooling down. The resultant solution is suitably diluted and read in a spectrophotometer on 520nm mark. In a latest research, it was shown that a decoction of tea that has high fluoride concentration exhibits no amylase inhibition. Moreover, no enzyme activity is observed on addition of more concentration of NaF (Seifert, 1986). Ph variation of incubation medium caused the NaF inhibition effect. In this experiment, after incubation period of one hour, it is impossible to sense variations that are more than 0.01 ph unit. Making a comparison between the joint results gained from the experiment with water and the one that was gotten from rinsing with a solution of 0.05% NaF shows that the difference becomes significantly significant. There is a possibility that huge individual variation gotten from every group is likely to influence analysis. The final results gotten for activity of amylase in in vivo experiment were succumbed to test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p Even though the alpha-amylase shows to be remarkably stable on high ph levels, it is quite possible that detected decrease in enzyme activity levels when it was treated with 100 mM and 500nM NaF solution respectively is caused by increase in ph by the fluoride actions. The stability and activity of human salivary amylase is relied on aluminium and sodium ions that are present. Just like disulfide linkages, aluminium specifically forms cross-links of molecules with the protein of the enzyme. A number of enzymes that need aluminium for activity are slowed down by fluoride. The mechanism used in inhibition seem to be through fluoride that induced aluminium removal as it was suggested in a previous research that used amylase which was obtained from mung bean seedlings (Thimann, 1944). Another study that has been carried out in Mexico by Alarcon-Herrera et al indicates that spontaneous fractures of bones in adults frequently show decreased tensile strength in bones were proportionally higher at 6ppm F concentration in water than at any other concentration level of F(Tmh, 2006). However, dental fluorosis that increases with increased F concentration in water correlates with incidences of bone fractures in both adults as well as children (King Reiss, 2001). Conclusion This study has shown that the effects of NaF concentration on human salivary amylase activities are shown in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vitro experiment showed that no statistically considerable difference is observed in the activity of amylase after incubation period of one hour using a fluoride solution that is concentrated to 550mM. With in vivo experiment, the effect of 0.05% solution of sodium fluoride is examined on human salivary amylase that was gathered at different intervals after rinsing the mouth of the participants. For a second time, no statistically considerable difference is examined in the activity of amylase in all the examined samples.

Plain English at Work: A Guide to Business Writing Speaking by Edward Bailey Essay

Edward Bailey conveys deep yet simple approach to writing and communicating effectively. A comprehensive guide to writing, the book is in the first-person perspective and Bailey’s style to writing simply conveys his thoughts to the reader through simple and understandable words and sentences. The feel of the book is as if Bailey directly communicates with the reader, talking or addressing in a simple way. His aim is to write simply, avoiding complex words and wordy paragraphs that provide clear understanding on the part of the reader. Chapter 1: What is plain English writing? The first chapter of the book discusses the essentials of English writing. Bailey first defined what plain English is: ‘a way of expressing your ideas clearly in writing and speaking.’[1] He then enumerated three principles in plain English writing:  · Style: This involves writing in clear, readable, and simple sentences rather than complex ones. As Bailey suggests: ‘write more the way you talk.’[2]  · Organization: The main idea or topic is immediately written at the start to avoid confusion of ideas or redirecting the flow of the topic.  ·   Layout: Lastly, this principle is merely an organization of thoughts into a bullet form, subtitles or headings that can be helpful, visually. Bailey then discussed the different forms of plain writing as he compared and contrasted plain writing from businessese or business writing. He used businessese as a form of writing dialect which he compared to ‘academese, leaglese, bureaucratese’ etc. Writing should be plain and simple, as presented in the example where business writing often uses wordy sentences on a simple idea that confuses its main point and is sometimes prone to misinterpretation. Plain writing encourages reader to prefer simple words rather than complex one since, according to psycholinguists, the comprehension of complex and simple words of the human mind is a few hundred milliseconds but does not contribute to strain on short-term memory which helps better understanding.[3] He then presented several institutions in society that encourages plain English writing like the US military, federal agencies, and even lawyers. At the end of the chapter, true to his notion of organization and layout, he presented the overall structure of the book and enumerated the ideas that are to be found in the succeeding chapters. Chapter Summary Bailey presented the idea of plain English writing as a means of communicating effectively as well as providing a clear understanding of the main topic or idea. Plain English is easy to read and write that can be used to provide understanding on a simple or complex idea. Wordiness and highfaluting words often contribute to misunderstanding or misinterpretation. The aim of speaking and writing is to directly convey to the reader the main subject or idea, especially on the perspective of business writing. The application of this method is true, especially on business writing since it is essential for members of the working industry to directly convey the message of intent so as to avoid confusion or misinterpretation. In addition, the notion of simple or plain writing may seem unacceptable to some standards of writing because of simplistic use of words. However, the point of writing is to directly convey the message of the writer, and through the use of simple words, ideas ranging from easy to complex can be easily explained through proper organization of thought, word usage, and such. Chapter 2: Style: writing a readable sentence The chapter discusses the first principle Bailey mentioned in effective, plain, English writing. For Bailey, style involves utilizing the way one talk or speaks. ‘Write more the way you talk – with ordinary words, a variety of punctuation, personal pronouns and contractions.’[4] For the author, the most effective way of plain writing is to ‘write the way you talk’ –write as though you are directly communicating with the reader. One should also write in an organized and polite manner. However, the problem with writing as though you talk may sound simplistic or simple-minded. However, Bailey countered this argument by simply writing on the level of how one would communicate with the other. Basically, the difference between talking to a five year-old to a 25-year old is the way one talks. Therefore, writing entails the process of how one would commune themselves to the other. Tips on Talking and Writing[5] †¢ Imagining oneself communicating with the reader minus the phonetic punctuations like uhhs, and ums. Speaking and writing go hand in hand. †¢ Use ordinary words. Wordiness contributes to confusion. o Example: instead of commence, use begin †¢ Variety of punctuation (Question marks are a good way to eliminate monotonous sentences) o Example: The main point is that the defective computer disks are not the responsibility of the manufacturer. = Just who is responsible for defective computer disks? †¢ Use more personal pronouns: It enables using the active voice rather than passive voice. †¢ Use more contractions o Example: Can’t, won’t, don’t, that’s. Rules on Writing Bailey suggested that the use of contractions and the aforementioned tips in writing may slightly deviate from the rules set during the formative years in school. However, Bailey argued that not all rules are followed. He categorized them into three: rules we all agree with, rules few people agree with, and rules amateurs follow and professional don’t. Rules People Follow Bailey mentioned the use the universal rules of writing and grammar. ‘We all know to start sentences with capital letters and end them with periods or other terminal marks of punctuation.’[6] These rules are not the object of controversy in most writing cases since people know these rules and follow them. Rules Few People Agree With Bailey mentioned a case on pop-grammar where he cited an example from the writing styles of The New York Times. â€Å"The Soviet Union evidently is not able to convince Cairo to accept a rapid cease fire.†[7] The use of pop-grammar in this sentence refers to the usage most pop-grammarians argue about. These are the grammar experts who have the know-how on the rules of usage. Rules Amateurs Follow and Professionals Don’t Basically, these rules are used by professionals that sometimes do not follow the standard rules of writing and the issues on pop-grammar. Bailey mentioned John Trimble in his book Writing with Style: Conversations on the Art of Writing; list ‘Seven Nevers’[8] 1. Never begin a sentence with and or but. 2. Never use contractions. 3. Never refer to the reader as you. 4. Never use the first person pronoun I. 5. Never end a sentence with a preposition. 6. Never split an infinitive. 7. Never write a paragraph containing only a single sentence. To Bailey however, the way to simple writing is eliminating the ‘never’ in the aforementioned rules. Professional writing often involves spoken English, and these rules are not often followed, even by professionals. Chapter Summary Bailey enumerated several uses on style. The main argument of the chapter focuses on writing as one would speak. This enables an effective way of communication through simple word use, contractions, and questions as well as putting one’s shoes on the perspective of the writer directly talking to the reader. On the subject of contractions, the use of which may not be acceptable to the standards of formal writing or journalism. It is preferable for these contractions (can’t, won’t) to be spelled out (can not, will not) in order to be considered appropriate usage, especially on academic writing or journalism. Though contractions may not suit formal standards of writing, its usage does not make it wrong or inappropriate. The main theme of the book is to write as though one would speak, and the use of contractions helps in directly conveying messages by being simple and easy to understand. Chapter 3: Organization: getting to the point Chapter Summary In lieu of simple English writing, the main topic or subject should be easily spotted, preferably at the beginning of every paragraph, though not necessarily as the first sentence. This involves what the writer wants to readers to do, purpose or opinion. Often, if main ideas are not placed at the beginning of a paper or article, it confuses and frustrates the reader as they are lost reading through pages of paragraphs without ever realizing what the whole topic is all about. Therefore it is preferable, according to Bailey, that main ideas should be placed up front. Common problems why main ideas are placed at the end:  · to make readers read the entire document: to build the case so reader will more likely to accept the main point  · to re-enact how the writer learned something  · to delay bad news However, most readers do not bother finishing the entire document if main ideas are nowhere to be found up front. Readers bored with the pointless arguments of preceding paragraphs jump to the end in order to understand the main point. In the case of delaying bad news, the whole mood of the paper is compromised as tension and suspense build up – not really the intention of proper business writing. Stating bad news also involves proper tone usage. â€Å"With bad news, tone becomes extremely important. You probably want to say something with a less rude tone than: You’re fired.†[9] The proper way to convey bad news is to directly mention it at the beginning. Why Main Ideas Should be Placed in the Beginning  · It avoids frustration on the part of reader. The reader immediately grasps the idea instead of having to read countless paragraphs without understanding the main idea.  · It directly conveys the message of the writer (to do something, expectation, etc.)  · In writing chronologically, the main idea should be placed at the beginning since it would take time to know what really happened. Readers do not want a blow-by-blow account of what happened. Chapter 4: Layout: Adding Visual Impact Layout is â€Å"something that appears open and inviting.†[10] A good layout of a paper or work encourages readers to plough on through the paper’s entirety and also helps in the organization of thoughts and ideas. Three Layout Techniques  · Short paragraphs: Writing through short paragraphs instead of writing a block of text encourages readers to read more in between spaces instead of having to look at text crammed in one page. The ‘text-heavy’ concept is applied in newspapers as the layout of articles is placed in between-ads or pictures so as not to appear boring.  · Headings: This provides an organized way of arranging thoughts instead of numerous paragraphs. By dividing different thoughts or ideas into ‘subtitles’, it gives a visually appealing look for the reader and also a proper organization of thoughts (e.g. newspapers, textbooks).  · Bullets/Lists: Similar with the use of headings, bullets and lists provide an organized detail of a main subject or idea rather than incorporating all ideas into a long paragraph. On the case of numbered lists, this can be used when providing steps or instructions. Chapter Summary Through the use of the aforementioned thought organization techniques, these methods help the writer in organizing thoughts and ideas in a manner that will catch the attention of the reader and would encourage to read on. In addition, the use of these techniques is not only applied in the business perspective but also in journalism and other forms of writing. It is important, especially on business writing, to organize thoughts or details to directly convey the message and to avoid confusion. This rule also applies to writing in general, as proper writing involves clear and concise thoughts, proper word usage, and organization of thoughts, not merely a hodgepodge of ideas.

The Importance of Conclusion Samples Essay

The Importance of Conclusion Samples Essay The impression they're attempting to make upon their readers isn't the very same, either. There are a lot of ways you can create some excess money at home. Also, with any difficulty, you can make an application for help to our site we are appreciated by a lot of our regular users and you may easily join them. If you possess your house, a home equity line of credit may be a very good solution. What You Can Do About Conclusion Samples Essay Starting in the Next 10 Minutes The principal idea should stay exactly the same during the full paper. Each your part is dependent on other. Sure, it is possible to find lots of essay conclusion examples on the net, but in the event that you really wish to ace the ending of your paper, you should invest a little time and effort into attempting to comprehend what features make the last portion of any paper worth reading. With writing the conclusion finished, you're almost at the conclusion of your research undertaking. How to end an essay to receive a high score Even though it could seem that conclusion isn't a very significant part your paper, you might still lose precious points if you don't do it right. Anybody reading the conclusion has read the whole paper, or so the conclusion merely serves as an aid to memory. By exactly the same token, getting your conclusion in memory may be wise also. Actually, on the true AP exam, you might not get to the conclusion in the slightest. Today's workers have several more choices and job opportunities to select from. Students should select a compelling topic to impress the audience and their teachers. Never rush the procedure for learning. Make certain that you don't use the conclusion as a chance to participate in an over-generalised an unfocussed `rant'. For example, you will nonetheless want to ensure your conclusion really does conclude, and doesn' t just go off at a tangent to talk about something which is unrelated to the thesis. A conclusion is a last arrangement. Your conclusion is your opportunity to have the previous word on the topic. Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative details of the research procedure should not be ignored. A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is an essential element of any general cancer control program. You then need to point out the significance of the analysis and point out the way that it is related to the area. Many factors demonstrate that. Otherwise, then you have to eradicate the perils of becoming bad grades in exams by properly writing the conclusion of your insurance policy essay. Consult your tutor if you're not sure. How to end an essay might be a tricky question, particularly if your academic grade is dependent on the paper you're working on. You need to give your reader the last comment about the full topic you've been discussing. You may buy argumentative essay from a specialist writer. Our writers are highly qualified in the area of writing. Speaking of narrative essays, you want to stay in mind that you're telling a story. New Step by Step Roadmap for Conclusion Samples Essay Especially when you have some items which you no longer need. From time to time, it may be a great notion to sell some of your property. Banning smoking isn't a good idea. If there is absolutely no item, it's suggested that you get in touch with a lawyer to make sure the transaction. It can refer to any form of paper. As a result of the easy calculations, the system auto defines a best variant for the results of the entire text. The duration of a conclusion is normally proportional to the period of the entire text. By way of example, It's simple to create your own popsicles. When you're writing an excellent conclusion paragraph, yo u have to consider the major point which you want to become across and be sure it's included. You want to recognize that conclusion isn't just a very simple overview of evidence you've provided in your primary portion of the essay. True, it is a small bit about summary, but nevertheless, it should take your essay one step further. When it's a lengthier paper, a fantastic place to begin is by looking at what each paragraph was about. Please be aware that the variety of sentences of essay conclusion is dependent upon the quantity of paragraphs inside your body part. Most often, it's the previous sentence of the introduction. Attempt to make the last couple of sentences worth memorizing. Also, focus on the emphatic punctuation within this sample (exclamation mark). New Questions About Conclusion Samples Essay Most importantly, services have to be supplied in an equitable and sustainable method. There are plenty of assessments and profiles accessible to help insure you have a great match between the applicant and the job. For quite a few, the price of services is a determining factor in deciding on the format of accounting solutions, so let's start with this. The price of outsourcing services can differ.

Ownership of Digital Downloads - 1058 Words

Ownership of Digital Downloads Digital downloads are intellectual Properties of the innovators and the actual owners of the ideas uploaded online. Ownership of digital content is exclusively reserved for the copyright owners who have spent many years and others decades trying to come up with an idea. Downloading of digital content online does not make that user the owner, and as such, there are no rights that have been transferred to the user except those of using the content. For instance, a user is allowed to listen and enjoy the downloaded music, watch the movies and read the books found online but it ends at that. They cannot hold any ownership rights other than those of using it. Technology has evolved with high speed and it attracts many people especially the youths who prefer to use online downloads as opposed to tangible sources. As result, people who have produced their content such as books, music and film are attracted to upload their content online for people to buy it and then download it. Sales are better online than on the stores as it is convenient, faster and accessible. The internet provides an easy method of sale but the prices are much lower than those of purchasing a tangible content such as a book, a CD or a tape. Books, CDs and tapes carry ownership rights and can be considered the buyers property as opposed to the online copy which ownership does not leave the copyrighter. In this case, you cannot be said to own something you cannot show or hold.Show MoreRelatedThe Digital Transformation Of Communication, Information And Entertainment Media Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesNew Media is the digital transformation of communication, information and entertainment media, including music (Giddings, 2). 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